Yemen 630 during Muhammad's lifetime
Yemen is one of the oldest centers of civilization in the Near East. Its relatively fertile land and adequate rainfall in a moister climate helped sustain a stable population, a feature recognized by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy, who described Yemen as Eudaimon Arabia better known in its Latin translation, Arabia Felix meaning fortunate Arabia or Happy Arabia. The Nomadic Semites from the Yemeni desert regions Rub' al Khali and Sayhad migrated to the North settling Akkad, later penetrating Mesopotamia eventually conquering Sumer by 2300 BCE and assimilating the Amorites of Syria. Some scholars who believe that Yemen remains the only region in the world that is exclusively Semitic, meaning that Yemen historically did not have any non–Semitic-speaking people. Yemeni Semites derived their Musnad script by the 12th to 8th centuries BCE which explains why most historians date all of the ancient Yemeni kingdoms to the 12th to 8th centuries BCE. Between the 12th century BCE and the 6th century CE, it was dominated by six successive civilizations which rivaled each other or were allied with each other and controlled the lucrative spice trade: M'ain Qataban Hadhramaut Awsan Saba and Himyarite.Islam arrived in 630 CE and Yemen became part of the Muslim realm.
Badhan Persian Badhan ibn Sasan
Bādhān Persian Badhan ibn Sasan in Islamic historiography was the Persian Governor of Yemen, during the reign of Khosrau II. He ruled from Sana'a. During his rule he was ordered by Khosrau II to send some men to Medina to bring Muhammad to Khosrau II himself. Badhan sent two men for this task. When these two men met Muhammad and demanded he come with them, Muhammad Instead he prophesied that Khosrau II had been overthrown and murdered by his son Kavadh II. The two men returned to Badhan with the news regarding Khosrau II. Badhan waited to ascertain the truthfulness of this disclosure. When it proved to be true Badhan converted to Islam. The two men and the Persians living in Yemen and outside Yemen followed the example of Badhan and also converted to Islam. Thereafter, Badhan sent a message to Muhammad, informing him of his conversion to Islam. In response Muhammad allowed Badhan to continue ruling over Yemen. He sent messages to various parts of Yemeni Arab settlers of different kingdoms of they had link at that time such us Persian qom of cylane Malaya Malayana, Bettella etc. and ordered to built mosques over there.
caliphate from the khilafa
caliphate from the Arabic or khilafa is an Islamic state by a supreme religious as well as known as a caliph meaning literally i.e. to Islamic prophet Muhammad and all the Prophets of Islam. The term caliphate is often applied of Muslim empires that have existed in the and Southwest Asia. Conceptually the caliphate represents the political unity of the entire community of Muslim faithful the ummah ruled by a single caliph. In theory the organization of a caliphate should be a constitutional theocracy under the Constitution of Medina which means that the head of state the Caliph, and other officials are representatives of the people and of Islam and must govern according to constitutional and religious law Sharia. In its early days, the first caliphate resembled elements of direct democracy see shura.It was initially led by Muhammad's disciples as a continuation of the leaders and religious system the prophet established known as the Rashidun caliphates A caliphate is also a state which implements such a governmental system.Sunni Islam stipulates that the head of state the caliph, should be elected by Shura elected by Muslims or their representatives.Followers of Shia Islam believe the caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt Muhammad's purified progeny.From the end of the Rashidun period until 1924 caliphates sometimes two at a single time, real and illusory were ruled by dynasties. The first dynasty was the Umayyad. This was followed by the Abbasid the Fatimid and finally the Ottoman Dynasty.
Muslim historical
Muslim historical traditions first began developing from the earlier 7th century with the reconstruction of Muhammad's life following his death. Because narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions came from various sources it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable. In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the "science of biography", "science of hadith and Isnad chain of transmission These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the Muslim world. Ilm ar-Rijal Arabic is the science of biography especially as practiced in Islam, where it was first applied to the sira, the life of the prophet of Islam Muhammad and then the lives of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs who expanded Islamic dominance rapidly. Since validating the sayings of Muhammad is a major study Isnad accurate biography has always been of great interest to Muslim biographers, who accordingly attempted to sort out facts from accusations, bias from evidence, etc. The earliest surviving Islamic biography is Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, written in the 8th century, but known to us only from later quotes and recensions 9th–10th century The science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith. The classification of Hadith into Sahih sound Hasan (good) and Da'if (weak) was firmly established by Ali ibn al-Madini 161–234 AH Later, al-Madini's student Muhammad al-Bukhari 810–870 authored a collection that he believed contained only Sahih hadith which is now known as the Sahih Bukhari. Al-Bukhari's historical methods of testing hadiths and isnads is seen as the beginning of the method of citation and a precursor to the scientific method which was developed by later Muslim scientists. I. A. Ahmad writes. The vagueness of ancient historians about their sources stands in stark contrast to the insistence that scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim manifested in knowing every member in a chain of transmission and examining their reliability. They published their findings, which were then subjected to additional scrutiny by future scholars for consistency with each other and the Qur'an." Other famous Muslim historians who studied the science of biography or science of hadith included Urwah ibn Zubayr died 712 Wahb ibn Munabbih died 728 Ibn Ishaq died 761 al-Waqidi 745–822 Ibn Hisham (died 834), al-Maqrizi 1364–1442 and Ibn Hajar Asqalani 1372–1449 among others. is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God Arabic and by the teachings and normative example called the Sunnah and composed of hadith of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to submit to and serve Allah God Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed before many times throughout the world, including notably through Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, whom they consider prophets. They maintain that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted or altered over time but consider the Arabic Qur'an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from banking and welfare to warfare and the environment. Most Muslims are of two denominations, Sunni 75–90% or Shia 10–20% About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia the largest Muslim-majority country 25% in South Asia 20% in the Middle East and 15% in Sub-saharan Africa Sizable minorities are also found in Europe, China, Russia, and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world (see Islam by country. With about 1.62 billion followers or 23% of earth's population.
Muhammad ibn Ziyad
The Ziyadid dynasty was a descendant of Ziyad, younger brother of the first Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. In 814 he was arrested and brought to the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun on account of his ancestry but his life was spared in the end. He was merely placed under surveillance and became the protege of the caliph's minister al-Fadl ibn Sahl.Three years later a letter from the governor of Yemen arrived to Baghdad, complaining about attacks by the Ash'arite and Akkite tribes. Al-Fadl recommended al-Ma'mun to send the capable Muhammad ibn Ziyad to Tihama in order to suppress the tribes. The situation was particularly critical since the Alids under a leader called Ibrahim al-Jazzar threatened to detach Yemen from Abbasid control at this time. Muhammad ibn Ziyad was a sworn enemy of the Alids which made him a suitable choice for the task After performing the hajj Muhammad marched south to Yemen with an army of Khurasani soldiers and arrived there in 818. He fought numerous battles against the tribes and won control over the Tihama lowland in the next year. The dynasty was originally founded in 1021−22 by Najah a Mamluk wazir under the Ziyadid dynasty. The Ziyadids fell in 1018 and a power struggle broke out between Najah and his foster brother Nafis who had murdered the last Ziyadid ruler by immuring him in a wall. Najah was able to triumph after years of fighting and could enter the capital Zabid. The corpse of Nafis was built into the same wall where his victim had once been immured. The new ruler assumed royal titles, struck coins in his own name and had his name mentioned after that of the caliph in the khutba. A diploma of official recognition was supposedly issued by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad.The Najahids bought Jazali slaves from Ethiopia in order to reinforce the army. In that way the period saw an increasing ethnic mix. Najah soon dominated the Tihama the lowland by the Red Sea from the Zabid area up to Harad in the north. He was also sometimes able to expand his political control to San'a in the highlands. Here however he encountered the rising Sulayhid dynasty under Ali as-Sulayhi. Hard battles were then fought which only ended when Najah was poisoned in 1060 in al-Kadrā and the Sulayhids occupied Zabid.
Yahya bin al-Husayn bin al-Qasim
Yahya bin al-Husayn bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi was born in Medina, being a Sayyid who traced his ancestry from Hasan son of Ali and also grandson of Muhammad His grandfather al-Qasim ar-Rassi d. 860 who unsuccessfully tried to reach political leadership, owned a property close to Mecca, ar-Rass. This is the origin of the name of the dynasty founded by Yahya, the Rassids. Al-Qasim ar-Rassi was a major organizer of the theology and jurisprudence of the Zaydiyya division of the Shi’ites, which also had a following in Persia. The Zaydiyya hailed from Zaid d. 740 second son of the fourth Shi'a imam Zayn al-Abidin. Yahya developed a theology based on his grandfather's teachings but gave it a more pronounced Shia profile. His positions were close to the contemporary Mu'tazila school in Iraq which emphasized reason and rational thinking. In 893 Yahya entered Yemen from the Hijaz, trying to build up a Zaydiyya power base in the area. His ambition was to rid the land from bad religious practices and bring the benefits of his own version of Islam. At this time the Tihamah lowland was ruled by the Ziyadid Dynasty 819-1018 originally governors of the Abbasid caliphs. In the interior, San'a was dominated by the indigenous Yu’firid Dynasty since 847. The Ayyubid dynasty Kurdish Dewleta Eyubiyan Arabic al- Ayyu biyyun was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they supplanted them under Saladin Ayyub's son. In 1174 Saladin proclaimed himself Sultan following the death of Nur al-Din. The Ayyubids spent the next decade launching conquests throughout the region and by 1183 the territories under their control included Egypt Syria northern Mesopotamia Hejaz Yemen and the North African coast up to the borders of modern-day Tunisia. Most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond the Jordan River fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However the Crusaders regained control of Palestine's coastline in the 1190s. After the death of Saladin, his sons control over the sultanate, but Saladin's brother al-Adil eventually established himself as Sultan in 1200. In the 1230 the Ayyubid rulers of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria, except Aleppo by 1247. By then local Muslim dynasties had driven out the Ayyubids from Yemen, the Hejaz and parts of Mesopotamia. After his death in 1249 As-Salih Ayyub was succeeded in Egypt by al-Mu'azzam Turanshah. However, he was soon overthrown by the Mamluk generals who had successfully repelled a Crusader invasion of the Nile Delta. This effectively ended Ayyubid power in Egypt and a of attempts by the rulers of Syria by an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo, to recover it failed. In 1260, the Mongols sacked Aleppo and wrested control of what remained of the Ayyubid territories soon after. The Mamluks, who forced out the Mongols after the destruction of the Ayyubid dynasty maintained the Ayyubid principality of Hama until deposing its last ruler in 1341. During their relatively short tenure the Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world. This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening Sunni Muslim dominance in the region by constructing numerous madrasas schools of Islamic law in their
