Mahmud of Ghazni
Yamin ad-Dawlah Abul Qaṣim Maḥmūd Ibn Sebüktegin, more commonly known as Mahmud of GhazniPersian Maḥmūd e Ġaznawi 2 November 971 30 April 1030 was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. In the name of Islam, he conquered the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent from 997 to his death in 1030. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazna into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, Pakistan and northwestern India. Al-Baqara / The Cow
He was the first ruler to carry the title Sultan authority signifying the extent of his power, though preserving the ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbassid Caliphate. During his rule, he invaded and parts of Hindustan east of the Indus River 17 times.
Islam Arabic>Islam Arabic a lslam listen note is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God Arabic Allah and by the teachings and normative example called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith of Muhammad considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim.
Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to submit to and serve Allah God Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed before many times throughout the world, including notably through Adam Noah Abraham Moses and Jesus, whom they consider prophets. They maintain that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted or altered over time but consider the Arabic Qur'an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from banking and welfare, to warfare and the environment.Most Muslims are of two denominations, Sunni 75-90% or Shia 10-20% About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia the largest Muslim-majority country, 25% in South Asia 20% in the Middle East and 15% in Sub-saharan Africa. Sizable minorities are also found in Europe China, Russia, and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world (see Islam by country With about 1.57 billion followers or 23% of earth's population Islam is the second-largest religion and one of the fastest-growing religions in the world 1n in Central Iran falling below 300 m.
Western Asia and Central Asia
The Iranian plateau is a geological formation in Western Asia and Central Asia. It is the part of the Eurasian Plate wedged between the Arabian and Indian plates situated between the Zagros mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Kopet Dag to the north, the Hormuz Strait and Persian gulf to the south and the Indus River to the east in Pakistan.
As a historical region, it includes Parthia, Media and eastern Persia, the heartlands of Iran and its recently lost territories The Zagros mountains form the plateau's western boundary, and its eastern slopes may be included in the term. The Encyclopædia Britannica excludes lowland Khuzestan explicitly and characterizes Elam as spanning the region from the Mesopotamian plain to the Iranian Plateau.
From the Caspian in the northwest to Baluchistan in the south east, the Iranian Plateau extends for close to 2,000 km. It encompasses the greater part of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan west of the River Indus on an area roughly outlined by the quadrangle formed by the cities of Tabriz, Shiraz, Peshawar and Quetta containing some 3,700,000 square kilometres 1,400,000 sq mi In spite of being called a.
The geographical definition of the Indian subcontinent varies. Historically forming the whole territory of Greater India now it generally comprises the countries of India Pakistan and Bangladesh prior to 1947 the three nations were historically combined and constituted British India. It almost always also includes Nepal Bhutan and the island country of Sri Lanka and may also include Afghanistan and the island country of Maldives.The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir but is now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang Sri Lanka India Nepal, and Pakistan including East Pakistan now Bangladesh as part of the Subcontinent of South Asia When the term Indian subcontinent is used to mean South Asia the island countries of Sri Lanka and the Maldives may sometimes not be included while Tibet and Nepal may be included
As there is a lack or no coherent definition for Indian subcontinent or South Asia see the article South Asia for multiple definitions the terms Indian subcontinent" and South Asia are used interchangeably by some due to political reasons.In Religions of South Asia Sushil Mittal and Gene R. Thursby state that the Indian subcontinent and South Asia refer to the same area.Due to political sensitivities some prefer to use the terms South Asian subcontinent the Indo Pak Bangladesh subcontinent the Indo Pak subcontinent the subcontinent or simply South Asia over the term Indian subcontinent Historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal hold the view that the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance.though their view is not acceptable to many. Indologist Ronald B. Inden argues that the usage of the term South Asia is getting more widespread since it clearly distinguishes the region from East Asia
According to political science professor Tatu Vanhanen, "The seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent while according to anthropologist John R. Lukacs.The Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia. According to Chris Brewster India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent; with Afghanistan Iran and Maldives included it is more commonly referred to as South Asia While using both terms to mean the same region in Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia Dr. William Gould of University of Leeds explains that South Asia is a
Military campaigns
In 994, Mahmud joined his father Sebuktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Nuh II. During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri Fa'iq Abu Ali the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring Buyids and Qarakhanids. Mahmud took over his father's kingdom in 998 after defeating and capturing Ismail at the Battle of Ghazni. He then set out west from Ghazni to take the Kandahar region followed by Bost Lashkar
In 1001 Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasion of northern India. On 28 November his army fought and defeated the army of Raja Jayapala of the Kabul Shahi dynasty at Peshawar. In 1002 Mahmud invaded Sistan, dethroned Khalaf I, last of the Saffarid amirs, and ended the Saffarid dynasty. From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast particularly the highly fertile lands of the Punjab region since south eastern Khorasan his native province was mostly mountains, dry deserts and the fertile lands there had been poorly harvested and let to waste during the reign of the previous rulers.should be noted that Punjab was well known for its mangoes, oranges, bananas and other tropical fruits that Khorasan lacked and instead was famous for pomegranates and watermelons.[citation needed] It suggests that this has been the main reason for the Ghaznavids invading India because the fruit as well as rice, sugar, wheat, and other products exported to the Middle East and Central Asia generated more income than anything else for the rulers.
Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against the Ismaili Fatimid Kingdom at Multan in a bid to carry political favor and recognition with the Abbassid Caliphate; he also engaged with the Fatimids elsewhere. At this point, Jayapala attempted to gain revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. He assembled a powerful confederacy which faced defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle in a crucial moment, turning the tide into Mahmud's favor once more at Lahore in 1008 bringing Mahmud into control of the Hindu Shahi dominions of Udbandpura.
Ghaznavid campaigns in South Asia
Following the defeat of the Rajput Confederacy after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals annexing only the Punjab region.He also vowed to raid India every year.
The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Kannauj, Gwalior, and Ujjain were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist Kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to shirk making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks.
Destroying them would destroy the will power of the Hindus attacking the Empire since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the subcontinent; Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kannauj Kalinjar and Somnath were all thus raided. Mahmud's armies stripped the temples of their wealth and then destroyed them at, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi Narunkot and Dwarka. During the period of Mahmud invasion the Sindhi Swarankar Community and other Hindus who escaped conversion fl, ted from Sindh to escape sectarian violence.
Patron of the arts and poetry
Mahmud brought whole libraries from Rayy and Isfahan to Ghazni. He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.The notable poet Ferdowsi, after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented the Shahnameh to Mahmud. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by Mahmud in Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a dinar for every distich written in the Shahnameh 60,000 dinars but later retracted and presented him with dirhams 20,000 dirhams the equivalent at that time of only 200 dinars.Abu Mansur Persian ca 942 August 997 also spelled as and Sebük Tigin also known as Nasir ud din is regarded as the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire in what is now Afghanistan during the late 10th century. He lived as a slave during his teens and later married the daughter of his master Alptigin the man who seized the region of Ghazna modern Ghazni Province in Afghanistan in a political fallout for the throne of the Samanids of Bukhara
When his father in law Alptigin died became the new ruler and expanded the kingdom after defeating Jayapala to cover the territory as far as the Neelum River in Kashmir and the Indus River in what is now Pakistan.Raja also spelled rajah, from Sanskrit is a term for a monarch or princely ruler. Rana is practically equivalent, and the female form rani sometimes spelled ranee applies equally to the wife of a Raja or Rana.The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a rajan- is a ruler, see for example the the battle of ten kings.
Mohammed Alim Khan
Mohammed Alim Khan Emir of Bukhara taken in 1911 by Sergey Prokudin Gorsky.The monarchs of Qatar and Kuwait are currently titled Emirs as are those of the United Arab Emirates. The caliphs first used the title Amir al Muminin or Commander of the Faithful stressing their leadership over all Islam, especially in the military form of jihad both this command and the title have been assumed by various other Muslim rulers, including Sultans and Emirs. For Shia Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph Ali as Amir al Muminin.The Abbasid Caliph Ar-Radi created the post of Amir al-Umara for Ibn Raik; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use.In Lebanon the ruling Emir formally used the style al-Amir al-Hakim since, specifying it was still a ruler's title. Note that the title was held by Christians as well.
The word Emir is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of pilgrims to Mecca is called an Emir hadji, a title sometimes used by ruling princes which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary Emiral suffices. Amirzade, the son of a prince, hence the Persian princely title Mirza.The traditional rulers of the predominantly Muslim northern regions of Nigeria are known as Emirs, while the titular sovereign of their now defunct empire is formally styled as the Sultan of Sokoto, Amir-al-Muminin.The temporal leader of the Yazidi people is known as an Emir or Prince.
Kabul Shahi
The Shahi Sahi also called Shahiya dynasties ruled one of the Middle kingdoms of India which included portions of the Kabulistan and the old province of Gandhara now in northern Pakistan from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The kingdom was known as Kabul Shahi Kabul-shahan or Ratbél-shahan in Persian between 565 and 879 when they had Kapisa and Kabul as their capitals, and later as Hindu Shahi.
The Shahis of Kabul/Gandhara are generally divided into the two eras of the so-called Buddhist-Shahis and the so-called Hindu-Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870.
Panjab panj
The Punjab also spelled Panjab panj ab five rivers is a geographical region in South Asia comprising vast territories of eastern Pakistan and northern India. In Pakistan it includes the Punjab province and parts of the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir. In India, it includes Punjab state and Chandigarh union territory and parts of Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Delhi.
The name of the region is a compound of two Persian words and was introduced to the region by the Turkic Muslim conquerors of India and more formally popularized during the Mughal empire. Punjab literally means The Land of Five Rivers" referring to the following rivers the Jhelum, Chenab Ravi Sutlej and Beas. All are tributaries of the Indus River the Jhelum being the largest.
The region has a long history. It has been inhabited by Harappans, proto-Dravidians and Indo-Aryans and has seen numerous invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals Afghans, British and others. The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis and their principal language is called Punjabi. The main religions of the Punjab region are Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism. Other religious groups are Christians, Jains and Buddhists.In 1947 with the dissolution of British India, the region was parti.
Sultan Mahmud died
The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of Oghuz Turkic tribes from Central Asia, the Buyid Dynasty and rebellions by Seljuqs. Initially the Seljuks were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture Merv and Nishapur 1028 ,1029 Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040 at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated Mahmud's son Mas'ud I resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks.Sultan Mahmud died on 30 April 1030. His mausoleum is located in Ghazni, Afghanistan.tioned between India and Pakistan.
