Yemen 630 during Muhammad's lifetime
Yemen is one of the oldest centers of civilization in the Near East. Its relatively fertile land and adequate rainfall in a moister climate helped sustain a stable population, a feature recognized by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy, who described Yemen as Eudaimon Arabia better known in its Latin translation, Arabia Felix meaning fortunate Arabia or Happy Arabia.
The Nomadic Semites from the Yemeni desert regions Rub' al Khali and Sayhad migrated to the North settling Akkad, later penetrating Mesopotamia eventually conquering Sumer by 2300 BCE and assimilating the Amorites of Syria.
Some scholars who believe that Yemen remains the only region in the world that is exclusively Semitic, meaning that Yemen historically did not have any non–Semitic-speaking people. Yemeni Semites derived their Musnad script by the 12th to 8th centuries BCE which explains why most historians date all of the ancient Yemeni kingdoms to the 12th to 8th centuries BCE.
Between the 12th century BCE and the 6th century CE, it was dominated by six successive civilizations which rivaled each other or were allied with each other and controlled the lucrative spice trade: M'ain Qataban Hadhramaut Awsan Saba and Himyarite.Islam arrived in 630 CE and Yemen became part of the Muslim realm.
Badhan Persian Badhan ibn Sasan
Bādhān Persian Badhan ibn Sasan in Islamic historiography was the Persian Governor of Yemen, during the reign of Khosrau II. He ruled from Sana'a. During his rule he was ordered by Khosrau II to send some men to Medina to bring Muhammad to Khosrau II himself. Badhan sent two men for this task. When these two men met Muhammad and demanded he come with them, Muhammad Instead he prophesied that Khosrau II had been overthrown and murdered by his son Kavadh II. The two men returned to Badhan with the news regarding Khosrau II. Badhan waited to ascertain the truthfulness of this disclosure. When it proved to be true Badhan converted to Islam. The two men and the Persians living in Yemen and outside Yemen followed the example of Badhan and also converted to Islam. Thereafter, Badhan sent a message to Muhammad, informing him of his conversion to Islam. In response Muhammad allowed Badhan to continue ruling over Yemen. He sent messages to various parts of Yemeni Arab settlers of different kingdoms of they had link at that time such us Persian qom of cylane Malaya Malayana, Bettella etc. and ordered to built mosques over there.
caliphate from the khilafa
caliphate from the Arabic or khilafa is an Islamic state by a supreme religious as well as known as a caliph meaning literally i.e. to Islamic prophet Muhammad and all the Prophets of Islam. The term caliphate is often applied of Muslim empires that have existed in the and Southwest Asia. Conceptually the caliphate represents the political unity of the entire community of Muslim faithful the ummah ruled by a single caliph. In theory the organization of a caliphate should be a constitutional theocracy under the Constitution of Medina which means that the head of state the Caliph, and other officials are representatives of the people and of Islam and must govern according to constitutional and religious law Sharia. In its early days, the first caliphate resembled elements of direct democracy see shura.It was initially led by Muhammad's disciples as a continuation of the leaders and religious system the prophet established known as the Rashidun caliphates A caliphate is also a state which implements such a governmental system.Sunni Islam stipulates that the head of state the caliph, should be elected by Shura elected by Muslims or their representatives.Followers of Shia Islam believe the caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt Muhammad's purified progeny.From the end of the Rashidun period until 1924 caliphates sometimes two at a single time, real and illusory were ruled by dynasties. The first dynasty was the Umayyad. This was followed by the Abbasid the Fatimid and finally the Ottoman Dynasty.
Muslim historical
Muslim historical traditions first began developing from the earlier 7th century with the reconstruction of Muhammad's life following his death. Because narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions came from various sources it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable. In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the "science of biography", "science of hadith and Isnad chain of transmission These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the Muslim world.
Ilm ar-Rijal Arabic is the science of biography especially as practiced in Islam, where it was first applied to the sira, the life of the prophet of Islam Muhammad and then the lives of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs who expanded Islamic dominance rapidly. Since validating the sayings of Muhammad is a major study Isnad accurate biography has always been of great interest to Muslim biographers, who accordingly attempted to sort out facts from accusations, bias from evidence, etc. The earliest surviving Islamic biography is Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, written in the 8th century, but known to us only from later quotes and recensions 9th–10th century
The science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith. The classification of Hadith into Sahih sound Hasan (good) and Da'if (weak) was firmly established by Ali ibn al-Madini 161–234 AH Later, al-Madini's student Muhammad al-Bukhari 810–870 authored a collection that he believed contained only Sahih hadith which is now known as the Sahih Bukhari. Al-Bukhari's historical methods of testing hadiths and isnads is seen as the beginning of the method of citation and a precursor to the scientific method which was developed by later Muslim scientists. I. A. Ahmad writes.
The vagueness of ancient historians about their sources stands in stark contrast to the insistence that scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim manifested in knowing every member in a chain of transmission and examining their reliability. They published their findings, which were then subjected to additional scrutiny by future scholars for consistency with each other and the Qur'an."
Other famous Muslim historians who studied the science of biography or science of hadith included Urwah ibn Zubayr died 712 Wahb ibn Munabbih died 728 Ibn Ishaq died 761 al-Waqidi 745–822 Ibn Hisham (died 834), al-Maqrizi 1364–1442 and Ibn Hajar Asqalani 1372–1449 among others.
is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God Arabic and by the teachings and normative example called the Sunnah and composed of hadith of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim.
Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to submit to and serve Allah God Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed before many times throughout the world, including notably through Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, whom they consider prophets. They maintain that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted or altered over time but consider the Arabic Qur'an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from banking and welfare to warfare and the environment.
Most Muslims are of two denominations, Sunni 75–90% or Shia 10–20% About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia the largest Muslim-majority country 25% in South Asia 20% in the Middle East and 15% in Sub-saharan Africa Sizable minorities are also found in Europe, China, Russia, and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world (see Islam by country. With about 1.62 billion followers or 23% of earth's population.
Muhammad ibn Ziyad
The Ziyadid dynasty was a descendant of Ziyad, younger brother of the first Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. In 814 he was arrested and brought to the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun on account of his ancestry but his life was spared in the end. He was merely placed under surveillance and became the protege of the caliph's minister al-Fadl ibn Sahl.Three years later a letter from the governor of Yemen arrived to Baghdad, complaining about attacks by the Ash'arite and Akkite tribes. Al-Fadl recommended al-Ma'mun to send the capable Muhammad ibn Ziyad to Tihama in order to suppress the tribes. The situation was particularly critical since the Alids under a leader called Ibrahim al-Jazzar threatened to detach Yemen from Abbasid control at this time. Muhammad ibn Ziyad was a sworn enemy of the Alids which made him a suitable choice for the task After performing the hajj Muhammad marched south to Yemen with an army of Khurasani soldiers and arrived there in 818. He fought numerous battles against the tribes and won control over the Tihama lowland in the next year.
The dynasty was originally founded in 1021−22 by Najah a Mamluk wazir under the Ziyadid dynasty. The Ziyadids fell in 1018 and a power struggle broke out between Najah and his foster brother Nafis who had murdered the last Ziyadid ruler by immuring him in a wall. Najah was able to triumph after years of fighting and could enter the capital Zabid. The corpse of Nafis was built into the same wall where his victim had once been immured. The new ruler assumed royal titles, struck coins in his own name and had his name mentioned after that of the caliph in the khutba. A diploma of official recognition was supposedly issued by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad.The Najahids bought Jazali slaves from Ethiopia in order to reinforce the army. In that way the period saw an increasing ethnic mix. Najah soon dominated the Tihama the lowland by the Red Sea from the Zabid area up to Harad in the north. He was also sometimes able to expand his political control to San'a in the highlands. Here however he encountered the rising Sulayhid dynasty under Ali as-Sulayhi. Hard battles were then fought which only ended when Najah was poisoned in 1060 in al-Kadrā and the Sulayhids occupied Zabid.
Yahya bin al-Husayn bin al-Qasim
Yahya bin al-Husayn bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi was born in Medina, being a Sayyid who traced his ancestry from Hasan son of Ali and also grandson of Muhammad His grandfather al-Qasim ar-Rassi d. 860 who unsuccessfully tried to reach political leadership, owned a property close to Mecca, ar-Rass. This is the origin of the name of the dynasty founded by Yahya, the Rassids. Al-Qasim ar-Rassi was a major organizer of the theology and jurisprudence of the Zaydiyya division of the Shi’ites, which also had a following in Persia. The Zaydiyya hailed from Zaid d. 740 second son of the fourth Shi'a imam Zayn al-Abidin. Yahya developed a theology based on his grandfather's teachings but gave it a more pronounced Shia profile. His positions were close to the contemporary Mu'tazila school in Iraq which emphasized reason and rational thinking. In 893 Yahya entered Yemen from the Hijaz, trying to build up a Zaydiyya power base in the area. His ambition was to rid the land from bad religious practices and bring the benefits of his own version of Islam. At this time the Tihamah lowland was ruled by the Ziyadid Dynasty 819-1018 originally governors of the Abbasid caliphs. In the interior, San'a was dominated by the indigenous Yu’firid Dynasty since 847. The Ayyubid dynasty Kurdish Dewleta Eyubiyan Arabic al- Ayyu biyyun was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they supplanted them under Saladin Ayyub's son. In 1174 Saladin proclaimed himself Sultan following the death of Nur al-Din. The Ayyubids spent the next decade launching conquests throughout the region and by 1183 the territories under their control included Egypt Syria northern Mesopotamia Hejaz Yemen and the North African coast up to the borders of modern-day Tunisia. Most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond the Jordan River fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However the Crusaders regained control of Palestine's coastline in the 1190s.
After the death of Saladin, his sons control over the sultanate, but Saladin's brother al-Adil eventually established himself as Sultan in 1200. In the 1230 the Ayyubid rulers of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria, except Aleppo by 1247. By then local Muslim dynasties had driven out the Ayyubids from Yemen, the Hejaz and parts of Mesopotamia. After his death in 1249 As-Salih Ayyub was succeeded in Egypt by al-Mu'azzam Turanshah. However, he was soon overthrown by the Mamluk generals who had successfully repelled a Crusader invasion of the Nile Delta. This effectively ended Ayyubid power in Egypt and a of attempts by the rulers of Syria by an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo, to recover it failed. In 1260, the Mongols sacked Aleppo and wrested control of what remained of the Ayyubid territories soon after. The Mamluks, who forced out the Mongols after the destruction of the Ayyubid dynasty maintained the Ayyubid principality of Hama until deposing its last ruler in 1341.
During their relatively short tenure the Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world. This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening Sunni Muslim dominance in the region by constructing numerous madrasas schools of Islamic law in their
Syed Ameer Ali CIE1849–1928 was an Indian Muslim jurist hailing from the state of Oudh from where his father shifted and settled down at Orissa. He was a prominent political leader, and author of a number of influential books on Muslim history and the modern development of Islam. who is credited for his contributions to the Law of Indiaparticularly Muslim Personal Law as well as the development of political philosophy for Muslims during the British Raj. He was a signatory to the 1906 Quran Petition and founding member of the All India Muslim League.
Syed Ameer Ali traced his lineage through the eighth Imam Ali Al-Raza to Muhammad. Forefathers of his are known to have held office under Shah Abbas II of Persia and taken part in Nadir Shah's invasion of India. After the plunder of Delhi the family line then settled in the Sub-continent and started serving Muhammad Shah. Another of his forefathers fought against Maratha Empire in the third battle of Panipat. Finally when his grandfather died, his father Saadat Ali Khan was brought up and educated by Syed's maternal uncle.
He was born on 6 April 1849 at Cuttack in Orissa as the fourth of five sons of Syed Saadat Ali. His father moved the family to Calcutta, and then to Chinsura where they settled more permanently among the ashraf elite. His family took advantage of the educational facilities provided by the British government but otherwise shunned by the Muslim community. With the assistance of his British teachers and supported by several competitive scholarships, he achieved outstanding examination results, graduating from Calcutta University in 1867, and gaining an MA with Honours in History in 1868. The LLB followed quickly in 1869. He then began legal practice in Calcutta. By this point he was already one of the few outstanding Muslim achievers of his generation.[3]
A Muslim, sometimes spelled Moslem is a follower of the religion of Islam a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad as recorded in traditional accounts called hadith.Muslim is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits to God.A female Muslim is sometimes called a Muslimah .
Odisha formerly known as Orissa is an Indian state on the subcontinent's east coast, by the Bay of Bengal. It is surrounded by the Indian states of West Bengal to the north-east and in the east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west and Andhra Pradesh to the south. It is the modern name of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April 1936 as a province in British India and consisted predominantly of Oriya speakers.1 April is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa foundation day of Odisha. The region is also known as Utkala when mentioned in India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana. Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until 13 April 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new state capital, a position it still holds.
The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world,[3] forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – the Ganges and its distributaries such as Padma and Hooghly, the Brahmaputra and its distributaries such as Jamuna and Meghna, other rivers such as Irrawaddy River, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Chennai, Chittagong, Kolkata, Mongla, Paradip, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam and Yangon.
Odisha is the 9th largest state by area in India, and the 11th largest by population. Oriya officially spelled Odia is the official and most widely spoken language spoken by three quarters of the population. Odisha has a coastline about 480 km long and lacked good ports except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamra Port. The narrow level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi river delta supports the bulk of the population.
It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west Odisha to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km2 30,778 sq mi .
The industrial city Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital, Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state, while Dhanbad the coal capital of India is the second most populous city.
The name Jharkhand means "The Land of Forests. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India.
In 1877 Syed Ameer Ali had formed the Central National Muhammadan Association to work towards the political advancement of the Indian Muslims who had suffered grievously in 1857 in the aftermath of the failed Sepoy Mutiny against the East India Company; the British were seen as foreign invaders. But the organization declined towards the end of the 19th century
Lord Minto met with the Muslim delegation in June 1906. The Minto Morley Reforms of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates.
In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded as a forum which later became a party to promote a nationalist cause Although the Congress attempted to include the Muslim community in the struggle for independence from the British rule - and some Muslims were very active in the Congress - the majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the party viewing it as organization.Some Muslims felt that an independent united India would inevitably be and that there was a need to address the issue of the Muslim identity within India.
A turning point came in 1900 when the British administration in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh acceded to Hindu demands and made Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, the official language. The proslytisation conducted in the region by the activists of a new Hindu reformist movement also stirred Muslim's concerns about their faith. Eventually the Muslims feared that the Hindu majority would seek to suppress Muslim culture and religion in the region of an independent India.
After moving to London, where he stayed between 1869 and 1873 joined the Inner Temple and made contacts with the elite of the city. He absorbed the influence of contemporary liberalism. He had contacts with almost all the administrators concerned with India and with leading English liberals such as John Bright and the Fewcetts, Henry 1831–1898 and his wife, Millicent Fawcett 1847-1929.
He resumed his legal practice at Calcutta High Court on his return to India in 1873. The year after, he was elected as a Fellow of Calcutta University as well as being appointed as a lecturer in Islamic Law at the Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1878, he was appointed as the member of the Bengal Legislative Council. He revisited England in 1880 for one year.
In 1883 he was nominated to the membership of the Governor General Council. He became a professor of law in Calcutta University in 1881. In 1890 he was made a judge in the Calcutta High Court. He founded the political organisation, Central National Muhamedan Association, in Calcutta in 1877. This made him the first Muslim leader to put into practice the need for such an organisation due to the belief that efforts directed through an organisation would be more effective than those originating from an individual leader. The Association played an important role in the modernisation of Muslims and in arousing their political consciousness. He was associated with it for over 25 years, and worked for the political advancement of the Muslims.
He established the London Muslim League in 1908. This organisation was an independent body and not a branch of All India Muslim League. In 1909, he became the first Indian to sit as a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. On appointment to the Privy Council he became entitled to be addressed as The Rt Hon.
In 1910 he established the first mosque in London. In doing so he formally co-established the London Mosque Fund, alongside a group of prominent British Muslims, to finance the building of the mosque in the capital. His field of activities was now broadened and he stood for Muslim welfare all over the world. He played an important role in securing separate electorates for the Muslims in South Asia and promoting the cause of the Khilafat Movement.
He retired in 1904 and decided to settle down in England where he was out of the way of the main current of Muslim political life. Through his career in general he became a jurist and well-known Islamic scholar. He died on August 4, 1928 in Sussex.
Ali's record as the only Muslim privy councillor in British history was only broken a century later in June 2009 when Sadiq Khan was appointed as Minister of State for Transport with membership of the Privy Council.
