Islam in The China History(674-594)

Islam in The China History,

The history of Islam in China began when four Ṣaḥaba Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqās 594- 674 Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Jahsh preached in 616/17 and onwards in China after coming from Chittagong-Kamrup-Manipur route after sailing from Abyssinia in 615/16. Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas again headed for China for the third time in 650–51 after Caliph ‘Uthman asked him to lead an embassy to China, which the Chinese emperor received warmly. Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas was an early convert to Islam in 610–11 and one of the important companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Sa'd was the seventeenth person to embrace Islam at the age of seventeen. He is mainly known for his commandership in the conquest of Persia in 636, governorship over it, and diplomatic sojourns to China in 616 and 651. Islam in China has existed through 1,400 years of continuous interaction with Chinese society.Currently Muslims are a significant minority group in China. Hui Muslims are the majority Muslim group in China. The greatest concentration is in Xinjiang, with a significant Uyghur population. Lesser but significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu, and Qinghai. Various sources estimate different numbers of adherents with some sources indicating that 1.5-4% of the total population in China are Muslims. Of China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples ten groups are predominantly Sunni Muslim.

The Huaisheng Mosque 1,300 years ,.

The Huaisheng Mosque also known as the Lighthouse Mosque is the main mosque of Guangzhou. Rebuilt many times over its history, it is traditionally thought to have been originally built over 1,300 years ago which would make it one of the oldest mosques in the world. It was named in memory of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The most unusual feature of the mosque is its calling tower minaret. The round tower is 36 meters tall with a pointed tip.The minaret may have served as a beacon for boats which may explain its name Guangta, i.e. literally Tower of Light. Guangta may also be translated as Smooth Tower referring to the unadorned surface of the minaret. From the tower the mosque itself got its alternative name Guangta Si, i.e. literally either Smooth Tower Mosque or Lighthouse Mosque. Somewhat similar minimalist minarets can be seen outside of China e.g. at the Khan's Mosque in Kasimov, Russia. The other name Huaisheng Mosque Huaisheng Si means Cherishing the Sacred or Cherishing the Sage presumably referring to Muhammad. This name has been Romanized in various ways such as Hwai Sun Su Mosque Huai-Sheng Mosque Huai-Shang Mosque and Huai-Shang Si Mosque. The mosque is also referred to as the Great Mosque of Canton and as Ying Tong Mosque.

Khan's Mosque in Kasimov 1768-1930s., Khan's Mosque in Kasimov is the oldest mosque in Central Russia. It dates from the Qasim Khanate of the 15th and 16th centuries. According to Kadir Ali, the brick mosque was built by Shahghali at some point in the mid-16th century Others believe that the mosque goes back to the reign of Qasim Khan.The original building was torn down at the behest of Peter the Great in 1702 but its wide stone minaret survives. The existing mosque was erected next to the old minaret in 1768. The local Tatar nobles had a second storey added in 1835. A little closer to the Oka River is another local landmark Shahghali's Mausoleum from the mid-16th century.The Khan's Mosque has been designated a public museum since the 1930sThe minimalist design of the minaret, with its unadorned walls reminds of that of the famous Guangta Minaret of Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou, in South China.Qasim Khanate or Kingdom of Qasim or Khanate of Qasım was a Tatar khanate a vassal of Russia which existed from 1452 till 1681 in the territory of modern Ryazan Oblast in Russia with its capital Kasimov in the middle course of the Oka River. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and thus a grandson of Genghis Khan.It was established in the lands which Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow reigned 1425-1462 presented in 1452 to the Kazan prince Qasim khan d. 1469 son of the first Kazan khan Olug Moxammat.The Bornay Mosquer The Third Cathedral Mosque also spelled Burnayevskaya Mosque is a mosque in Kazan Tatarstan, Russia. The Hui people are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces and the Zhongyuan. According to a 2011 census China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam though some practice other religions.The Hui people are ethnically and linguistically similar to Han Chinese with the exception that most of them practice Islam engendering distinctive cultural characteristics. For example, as Muslims, they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork, the most common meat consumed in China and have given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine; Chinese Islamic cuisine, as well as Muslim Chinese martial arts. Their mode of dress differs primarily in that old men wear white caps and old women wear headscarves, as is the case in many Islamic cultures however most of the young people of Hui ancestry are practically indistinguishable from mainstream Han Chinese. The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China. The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China's other ethnic groups.The Hui predominantly speak Chinese with no non-Sinitic language The Hui people are more concentrated in Northwestern China Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai Xinjiang but communities existacross the country e.g. Beijing Inner Mongolia Hebei Hainan and Yunnan.

Muslim_meat_shop halal_sign Hankow China1935,

Traditionally there is a distinction between northern and southern Chinese Islamic cuisine despite both utilizing mutton and lamb. Northern Chinese Islamic cuisine relies heavily on beef, but rarely ducks, geese, shrimp or seafood, while southern Islamic cuisine is the reverse. The reason for this difference is due to availability of the ingredients. Oxen have been long used for farming and Chinese governments have frequently strictly prohibited the slaughter of oxen for food. However, due to the geographic proximity of the northern part of China to minority-dominated regions that were not subjected to such restrictions, beef could be easily purchased and transported to northern China. At the same time, ducks geese and shrimp are rare in comparison to southern China due to the arid climate of northern China.

In most major eastern cities in China, there are very limited Islamic/Halal restaurants, which are typically run by migrants from Western China e.g. Uyghurs they primarily offer inexpensive noodle soups only. These restaurants are typically decorated with Islamic motifs such as pictures of Islamic rugs and Arabic writing. Another difference is that lamb and mutton dishes are more commonly available than in other Chinese restaurants, due to the greater prevalence of these meats in the cuisine of western Chinese regions. Other Muslim ethnic minorities like the Salar, Dongxiang, Bonan, and Tibetan Muslims have their own cuisines as well. Dongxiang people also operate their own restaurants serving their cuisine. Many cafeterias at Chinese universities have separate sections or dining areas for Muslim students Hui or western Chinese minorities typically labeled qingzhen. Student ID cards sometimes indicate whether a student is Muslim, and will allow access to these dining areas, or will allow access on special occasions such as the Eid feast following Ramadan.

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Pakistan International Airlines(History)

Karachi Lahore and Islamabad Rawalpindi,

Pakistan International Airlines commonly known as PIA or Pakistan International is the national flag carrier airline of Pakistan. It operates scheduled services to 23 domestic destinations and 30 international destinations in 27 countries across Asia Europe and North America.Its main hubs are Karachi Lahore and Islamabad Rawalpindi. Secondary hubs include Peshawar Faisalabad Quetta Sialkot and Multan. PIA has a long history of milestones in aviation such as being the first Asian airline to operate a jet aircraft and Boeing 737 aircraft. It today remains by far Pakistan's largest airline with a fleet of more than 25 airplanes and at least 10 more on order.Furthermore PIA was the launch customer to operate the Boeing 777-200LR model. PIA is currently going through a procedure of privatisation to shift management from government to private sector. It employed nearly 19,000 people as of July 2014.

History Pakistan International Airlines,

Pakistan International Airlines can trace its origins to the days when Pakistan had not yet gained independence from the British Raj. In 1946 the country's founder Muhammed Ali Jinnah realized the need for a flag carrier for the prospective country and requested financial help from a wealthy businessman Mirza Ahmad Ispahani and Adamjee Haji Dawood for this purpose. Around that time a new airline Orient Airways was registered in Calcutta on 23 October 1946. In February 1947 the airline bought three DC-3 airplanes from a company in Texas and obtained a license to fly in May of the same year. The airline started its operations in June offering services from Kolkata to Sittwe and Yangon. On 14 August 1947 Pakistan came into being and Orient Airways started relief operations for the new country. It was the first and only Muslim owned airline in India and flew from 1947 to 1955.On 7 June 1954, Orient Airways started its operations by offering flight services between East and West Pakistan with service from Karachi to Dhaka. In addition the airline also introduced two new domestic routes i.e. Karachi,Lahore,Peshawar and Karachi-Quetta,Lahore. However due to sustained losses being suffered by the airline the Government of Pakistan proposed that Orient Airways merge with a new national airline. On 11 March 1955 Orient Airways merged with the government's proposed airline becoming Pakistan International Airlines Corporation. The newly formed airline not just offered services on its domestic routes but also inaugurated its first international route Karachi,London Heathrow Airport via Cairo and Rome, using 4 newly acquired Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellations. The airline continued using DC-3s on domestic routes in Pakistan. In May 1956 PIA ordered 2 Super Lockheed Constellations of the latest L-1049H type and 5 Vickers Viscount 815.

Managing Director of PIA Air Marshal Nur Khan 1959,

The appointment of Air Marshal Nur Khan as the Managing Director of PIA in 1959 heralded an era of great successes for PIA. In March 1960 PIA wet-leased a Boeing 707 from Pan American airlines thereby becoming the first Asian airline to induct a jet-aircraft in its fleet. With the newly acquired aircraft, the airline introduced its first trans-Atlantic route Karachi-New York Idlewild via London in 1961. In 1962 it expanded its fleet by placing orders for Boeing 720s Fokker F27s and Sikorsky helicopters. In the same year, one of Boeing 720s flown by Captain Abdullah Baig flying from London to Karachi made a world record for the Speed over a commercial airline service for powered landplanes of 938.78 km/h. a record which still holds to this day. From 1962 to 1966 PIA operated its Sikorsky S-61 helicopters for services within East Pakistan. These were removed in 1966 and a reduced network of eight cities was served by Fokker F27 aircraft.Upon the establishment of ties between Pakistan Government and People's Republic of China PIA started flying to Beijing in 1964 becoming the first airline of a non-communist country flying to the People's Republic of China At the outbreak of Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 the Pakistani Armed Forces seek PIA's services for logistics and transport purposes. The Viscounts were phased out in 1966 and were replaced by 4 Hawker Siddeley Triden. The 70s decade was marked by resumption of transatlantic flights, introduction of new destinations, appointment of Nur Khan as its executive for the second term, and the beginning of financially successful period for the airline. When the political situation in East Pakistan started deteriorating in early 70s the Pakistan Army once again used PIA's services to airlift soldiers and ammunition to East Pakistan Most flights had to detour to Sri Lanka during trips between West Pakistan and East Pakistan. With the establishment of cordial ties between the Libyan and Pakistani governments in early 70s PIA added a new international route Tripoli to its map in 1972. It also signed an agreement with Yugoslav airline JAT. PIA acquired McDonnell Douglas DC-10s in 1973 and used those planes to replace Boeing 707-300s. In 1974 PIA launched Pakistan International Cargo offering air freight and cargo services. In 1975 PIA introduced new uniforms for air hostesses which were chosen through an open competition, with the winning entry designed by Sir Hardy Amies the designer of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth.

The later half of the decade witnessed further expansion of PIA's fleet with the introduction of Boeing 747s through either leased or purchased aircraft. During this decade airline gained considerable popularity and was regarded as Asia's best airline. For the first time since its inauguration PIA started providing technical and administrative assistance or leased aircraft to foreign airlines including Somali Airlines Philippine Airlines Air Malta and Yemenia. A subsidiary of PIA also started providing hotel management services in United Arab Emirates towards the end of the decade.The 1980s decade began with the opening of a cargo handling centre at Karachi airport duty-free shops the first C and D safety checks on its entire fleet, as well as the introduction of airline's first Airbus A300B4-203 aircraft. In 1984, the airline introduced Night,Coach service as a low-cost alternative to day-time domestic flights. In the following years PIA Planetarium was inaugurated in Karachi which was followed by planetariums in Lahore and Peshawar. These planetariums featured retired PIA aircraft on display for educational or observational purposes. Two more retired Boeing 720B airplanes were donated to the planetariums in Karachi and Lahore later on. Also in 1985, five new Boeing 737-300s airplanes were introduced in PIA's fleet, making PIA the first Asian airline with such diverse aircraft fleet. In late 1987 and early 1988 services to Malé and Toronto were introduced. In 1989 Shukria Khanam became the first woman pilot to obtain a license to fly a commercial passenger plane but never joined PIA as a pilot. A year later First Officer Maliha Sami became the first female pilot of PIA when she took off on Karachi-Panjgur-Turbat-Gwadar route.In the mid-1980s PIA also helped establish Emirates by leasing two of its airplanes - Airbus A300 and Boeing 737 - as well as providing technical and administrative assistance to the new carrier

Shaheen Air line and Shaheen Air International,

In June 1991 Airbus delivered the first of six Airbus A310-300 aircraft that PIA had ordered. AVM Farooq became the 1st MD of Shaheen Air line and Shaheen Air International as well as Shaheen Cargo and MD Shaheen Air Port services Lahore and remained so until 1993 With the new airplanes the airline introduced flights to Tashkent in 1992 and to Zürich in 1993. March 1993 AVM Farooq Umar became MD PIA and also open skies from Karachi to Dubai were declared and 12 private air lines were allowed to operate domestically in Pakistan. Both steps came simultaneously and put great pressure on PIA's financial performance. Farooq Umar to meet the challenge fought the battle of open skies and opened up 6 new routes to the Persian Gulf and CIS countries along with tourists attraction air safari. He also made major changes in routes and schedules and started non stop flights from Lahore and Islamabad to JFK and Canada along with many other to boost up PIA revenues while taking great care to thwart the menace of inadmissible passengers lurking the western world successfully. PIA added Jakarta, Fujairah, Baku and Al-Ain to its destinations in 1994. In addition PIA became a client of three different flight-reservation systems namely Sabre Galileo and Amadeus. 'Air Safari' flights were launched in 1994 using Boeing 737–300 aircraft that used to fly over the Karakoram mountain range. In 1995 1996 Farooq Umar handed over PIA to another MD March 1996 closing his tenure with great success and leaving PIA profitable with last 6 months profit of more than 55 million PKR. after his departure PIA started to nose dive. PIA purchased a Boeing 747 flight simulator to train its pilots. It also purchased another used Airbus A300 aircraft from Air France. A Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft was also leased briefly in 1996 to cope with surge in passenger traffic during summer 1996. Flights to Beirut were resumed the same year as well In July 2002 PIA purchased six Boeing 747-300 aircraft from Cathay Pacific, five of which were already on lease. The sixth one arrived shortly afterwards and was used mainly on its North American and European routes. In October 2002 after a period of ten years without any new orders, the airline placed an order for eight Boeing 777 aircraft from The Boeing Company. The order included all three variants of 777 i.e. three 777-200ER. two 777-200LR and three 777-300ER versions. PIA was the launch customer that revived the Boeing 777-200LR project that, until then, only had three orders by EVA Air Boeing delivered the first of three 777-200ER aircraft to PIA in January 2004. PIA introduced a new livery for 777-200ERs airplanes and that livery was later applied to most airplanes of its fleet. PIA also leased six more Airbus A310-300 ET planes from Airbus company directly. On 3 November 2005 PIA placed an order to purchase seven ATR42-500 aircraft from ATR to replace its aging fleet of Fokker F27 aircraft. On 6 December 2005 PIA acquired another new Boeing 777-200ER on a ten-year lease from the International Lease Finance Corporation. The aircraft was delivered in January 2007 to the airline.

From Pakistan to New York the flight stops in Manchester,

On 25 February 2006, Boeing delivered its first 777-200LR to PIA when it flew from Everett to Islamabad via Manchester. With the induction of long range aircraft in its fleet, PIA started offering non-stop flights from Toronto to Karachi Islamabad, and Lahore from 3 March 2006. PIA had also planned non-stop flights to New York, Chicago Washington and Houston but was not given permission by US authorities Only the New York flight remains and it only is nonstop on the way back to Pakistan Washington service ended in the 1990s Houston services ended in 2006 and Chicago service ended in 2012. ATR delivered two of the seven ordered airplanes by PIA in May and December 2006 respectively following which the airline ceased using military Lockheed C-130 Hercules for passenger services in northern areas of Pakistan. The military planes were being used after the PIA Flight 688 accident. On 23 December 2006 PIA took delivery of its first Boeing 777-300ER. On 5 March 2007 the European Commission banned all but 9 planes of PIA's 42-plane fleet from flying to Europe citing safety concerns of its aging fleet. The ban was imposed following an on-site visit led by Federico Grandini European Commission’s Air Safety Administrator. The remaining 7 namely the fleet of Boeing 777s was exempted from the ban. PIA claimed that the ban was discriminatory and unjustifiable. On 26 March 2007 Tariq Saeed Kirmani was forced to resign after severe pressure from higher authorities because of the EU ban[citation needed]. Zafar Khan was appointed as the new chairman of Pakistan International Airlines. The ban on the eleven of thirty five aircraft was lifted after a period of four months on 5 July 2007, following another inspection by European Union's Air Safety Administration. Of the eleven aircraft, five were Boeing 747-300s and the remaining six were Airbus A310-300s. On 29 November 2007 the EU completely removed the ban and PIA's entire fleet was permitted to fly to Europe. To avoid such an incident in future PIA signed a deal to lease seven new Airbus A320-200 from Kuwait based leasing company ALAFCO. The aircraft were supposed to be delivered during 2008 and 2009 but the deal was cancelled before any delivery took place. In 2010 PIA altered their livery . They replaced the previous tail design with a much larger version of the Pakistan national flag, and have added the text Pakistan international in gold writing underneath the large billboard style PIA on the fuselage. The green stripe has also been modified to include gold and has extended to the rear of the fuselage.Most of PIA's fleet will use this livery until 2015 where their new livery will be introduced.

In February 2012 PIA ordered 5 more Boeing 777-300ER aircraft with delivery starting in 2015 which will wear a new livery. In 2014 PIA leased 4 boeing 737-800 from Travel service and Corendon airlines. PIA also published a tender for 4 Boeing 777-300ER. The airline also wanted to lease 4 ATRs. However, the bids for the 777's were not accepted due to bidding standards Later, The airline managed to lease A320 aircraft, and inducted 2 A320-214 series aircraft in its fleet, first in June and second in July 2014 with 180 all economy seating configuration but in July 2014 aircraft seating was reconfigured as 150 economy and 8 business class seats. Another wet leased A320-211 aircraft from Jordan Aviation joined PIA on August 11 2014. In October 2014 airline again wet leased three B737-8 aircraft, and it also accepted bids to dry lease five ATR 72-500 series aircraft for eight years periodHowever the order of 5 Boeing 777-300ER given in 2012, are postponed up to 2017 because of lack of funds.

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Syed Ameer Ali 1849–1928

Syed Ameer Ali Syed Ameer Ali CIE1849–1928 was an Indian Muslim jurist hailing from the state of Oudh from where his father shifted and settled down at Orissa. He was a prominent political leader, and author of a number of influential books on Muslim history and the modern development of Islam. who is credited for his contributions to the Law of Indiaparticularly Muslim Personal Law as well as the development of political philosophy for Muslims during the British Raj. He was a signatory to the 1906 Quran Petition and founding member of the All India Muslim League. Syed Ameer Ali traced his lineage through the eighth Imam Ali Al-Raza to Muhammad. Forefathers of his are known to have held office under Shah Abbas II of Persia and taken part in Nadir Shah's invasion of India. After the plunder of Delhi the family line then settled in the Sub-continent and started serving Muhammad Shah. Another of his forefathers fought against Maratha Empire in the third battle of Panipat. Finally when his grandfather died, his father Saadat Ali Khan was brought up and educated by Syed's maternal uncle. He was born on 6 April 1849 at Cuttack in Orissa as the fourth of five sons of Syed Saadat Ali. His father moved the family to Calcutta, and then to Chinsura where they settled more permanently among the ashraf elite. His family took advantage of the educational facilities provided by the British government but otherwise shunned by the Muslim community. With the assistance of his British teachers and supported by several competitive scholarships, he achieved outstanding examination results, graduating from Calcutta University in 1867, and gaining an MA with Honours in History in 1868. The LLB followed quickly in 1869. He then began legal practice in Calcutta. By this point he was already one of the few outstanding Muslim achievers of his generation.[3] A Muslim, sometimes spelled Moslem is a follower of the religion of Islam a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad as recorded in traditional accounts called hadith.Muslim is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits to God.A female Muslim is sometimes called a Muslimah . Odisha formerly known as Orissa is an Indian state on the subcontinent's east coast, by the Bay of Bengal. It is surrounded by the Indian states of West Bengal to the north-east and in the east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west and Andhra Pradesh to the south. It is the modern name of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April 1936 as a province in British India and consisted predominantly of Oriya speakers.1 April is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa foundation day of Odisha. The region is also known as Utkala when mentioned in India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana. Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until 13 April 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new state capital, a position it still holds. The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world,[3] forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east. The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – the Ganges and its distributaries such as Padma and Hooghly, the Brahmaputra and its distributaries such as Jamuna and Meghna, other rivers such as Irrawaddy River, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Chennai, Chittagong, Kolkata, Mongla, Paradip, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam and Yangon. Odisha is the 9th largest state by area in India, and the 11th largest by population. Oriya officially spelled Odia is the official and most widely spoken language spoken by three quarters of the population. Odisha has a coastline about 480 km long and lacked good ports except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamra Port. The narrow level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi river delta supports the bulk of the population. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west Odisha to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km2 30,778 sq mi . The industrial city Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital, Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state, while Dhanbad the coal capital of India is the second most populous city. The name Jharkhand means "The Land of Forests. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India. In 1877 Syed Ameer Ali had formed the Central National Muhammadan Association to work towards the political advancement of the Indian Muslims who had suffered grievously in 1857 in the aftermath of the failed Sepoy Mutiny against the East India Company; the British were seen as foreign invaders. But the organization declined towards the end of the 19th century Lord Minto met with the Muslim delegation in June 1906. The Minto Morley Reforms of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded as a forum which later became a party to promote a nationalist cause Although the Congress attempted to include the Muslim community in the struggle for independence from the British rule - and some Muslims were very active in the Congress - the majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the party viewing it as organization.Some Muslims felt that an independent united India would inevitably be and that there was a need to address the issue of the Muslim identity within India. A turning point came in 1900 when the British administration in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh acceded to Hindu demands and made Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, the official language. The proslytisation conducted in the region by the activists of a new Hindu reformist movement also stirred Muslim's concerns about their faith. Eventually the Muslims feared that the Hindu majority would seek to suppress Muslim culture and religion in the region of an independent India. After moving to London, where he stayed between 1869 and 1873 joined the Inner Temple and made contacts with the elite of the city. He absorbed the influence of contemporary liberalism. He had contacts with almost all the administrators concerned with India and with leading English liberals such as John Bright and the Fewcetts, Henry 1831–1898 and his wife, Millicent Fawcett 1847-1929. He resumed his legal practice at Calcutta High Court on his return to India in 1873. The year after, he was elected as a Fellow of Calcutta University as well as being appointed as a lecturer in Islamic Law at the Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1878, he was appointed as the member of the Bengal Legislative Council. He revisited England in 1880 for one year. In 1883 he was nominated to the membership of the Governor General Council. He became a professor of law in Calcutta University in 1881. In 1890 he was made a judge in the Calcutta High Court. He founded the political organisation, Central National Muhamedan Association, in Calcutta in 1877. This made him the first Muslim leader to put into practice the need for such an organisation due to the belief that efforts directed through an organisation would be more effective than those originating from an individual leader. The Association played an important role in the modernisation of Muslims and in arousing their political consciousness. He was associated with it for over 25 years, and worked for the political advancement of the Muslims. He established the London Muslim League in 1908. This organisation was an independent body and not a branch of All India Muslim League. In 1909, he became the first Indian to sit as a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. On appointment to the Privy Council he became entitled to be addressed as The Rt Hon. In 1910 he established the first mosque in London. In doing so he formally co-established the London Mosque Fund, alongside a group of prominent British Muslims, to finance the building of the mosque in the capital. His field of activities was now broadened and he stood for Muslim welfare all over the world. He played an important role in securing separate electorates for the Muslims in South Asia and promoting the cause of the Khilafat Movement. He retired in 1904 and decided to settle down in England where he was out of the way of the main current of Muslim political life. Through his career in general he became a jurist and well-known Islamic scholar. He died on August 4, 1928 in Sussex. Ali's record as the only Muslim privy councillor in British history was only broken a century later in June 2009 when Sadiq Khan was appointed as Minister of State for Transport with membership of the Privy Council.

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Sahih al bukhari

CHAPTER:How the Divine Inspiration started to reveal All's Apostle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) And the Saying of Allah: (the Exalted and Almighty) Indeed, We have inspired you as We inspired Noath and the Prophets after him. (44:163)

1.CHAPTER:

1. I heard Umar bin Al Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) saying: On the pulpit I heard Allah' s Apostle(the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him)saying: But the deeds depend upon the intentions, and every person will get the reward according to what he has intended . That who emigrated for worldly benefits or for woman to marry then his emigration was for what he emigrated for. 2. The parts of this hadith are in 54,2529,3898,5070,6689,6953. Reference : Sahih al-Bukhari 1

2.CHAPTER:

Aisha the mother of the Faithful (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated:(A)Al Harith bin Hisham(may Allah be pleased with him)asked Allah's Apostle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him)O Allah's Apostle(the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) How did the revelation come to you? Allah’s Apostle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him ) replied: Sometimes it was(revealed) like the ringing of a bell. this form (of revelations) was the hardest of All. and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel come to me in the form of a man and talked to me and I memorized whatever he said. Aisha (may Allah of Allah be pleased with her) added: Verily I saw the prophet (the blessing peace of Allah be upon him) being inspired on the very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping form his forehead (as the Inspiration was over). The parts of this hadith are in: 3215. /

3.CHAPTER:

Narrated 'Aisha: (the mother of the faithful believers) The commencement of the Divine Inspiration to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) was in the form of good dreams which came true like bright daylight, and then the love of seclusion was bestowed upon him. He used to go in seclusion in the cave of Hira where he used to worship (Allah alone) continuously for many days before his desire to see his family. He used to take with him the journey food for the stay and then come back to (his wife) Khadija to take his food likewise again till suddenly the Truth descended upon him while he was in the cave of Hira. The angel came to him and asked him to read. The Prophet (ﷺ) replied, I do not know how to read. The Prophet (ﷺ) added, The angel caught me (forcefully) and pressed me so hard that I could not bear it any more. He then released me and again asked me to read and I replied, 'I do not know how to read.' Thereupon he caught me again and pressed me a second time till I could not bear it any more. He then released me and again asked me to read but again I replied, 'I do not know how to read (or what shall I read)?' Thereupon he caught me for the third time and pressed me, and then released me and said, 'Read in the name of your Lord, who has created (all that exists), created man from a clot. Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous. (96.1, 96.2, 96.3) Then Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) returned with the Inspiration and with his heart beating severely. Then he went to Khadija bint Khuwailid and said, Cover me! Cover me!" They covered him till his fear was over and after that he told her everything that had happened and said, "I fear that something may happen to me." Khadija replied, "Never! By Allah, Allah will never disgrace you. You keep good relations with your kith and kin, help the poor and the destitute, serve your guests generously and assist the deserving calamity-afflicted ones. Khadija then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufal bin Asad bin 'Abdul Uzza, who, during the pre-Islamic Period became a Christian and used to write the writing with Hebrew letters. He would write from the Gospel in Hebrew as much as Allah wished him to write. He was an old man and had lost his eyesight. Khadija said to Waraqa, Listen to the story of your nephew, O my cousin!" Waraqa asked, O my nephew! What have you seen?" Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) described whatever he had seen. Waraqa said, This is the same one who keeps the secrets (angel Gabriel) whom Allah had sent to Moses. I wish I were young and could live up to the time when your people would turn you out. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) asked, "Will they drive me out?" Waraqa replied in the affirmative and said, "Anyone (man) who came with something similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility; and if I should remain alive till the day when you will be turned out then I would support you strongly." But after a few days Waraqa died and the Divine Inspiration was also paused for a while. Reference: Sahih al-Bukhari 3 In-book reference: Book 1, Hadith 3 USC-MSA web(English) reference: Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 3 Permalink | Report Error Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah Al-Ansari (while talking about the period of pause in revelation) reporting the speech of the Prophet: While I was walking, all of a sudden I heard a voice from the sky. I looked up and saw the same angel who had visited me at the cave of Hira' sitting on a chair between the sky and the earth. I got afraid of him and came back home and said, 'Wrap me (in blankets).' And then Allah revealed the following Holy Verses (of Quran): 'O you (i.e. Muhammad)! wrapped up in garments!' Arise and warn (the people against Allah's Punishment),... up to 'and desert the idols.' (74.1-5) After this the revelation started coming strongly, frequently and regularly. Reference: Sahih al-Bukhari 4 In-book reference: Book 1, Hadith 4 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 3

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Old City Of Jerusalem and Muslim

Old City Of Jerusalem and Muslim

The Muslim Quarter Arabi Hebrewִ is one of the four quarters of the ancient, walled Old City Of Jerusalem It covers 31 hectares 76 acres of the northeastern sector of the Old City. The quarter is the largest and most populous and extends from the Lions Gate in the east, along the northern wall of the Temple Mount in the south, to the Damascus Gate Westem Wall route in the west. The Via Dolorosa starts in the quarter. The Old City Hebrew.The is a 0.9 square kilometers 0.35 sq mi Walled area within the modern city of Jerusalem. Until 1860, when the Jewish neighborhood Mishkenot Sha ananim was established, this area constituted the entire city of Jerusalem. The Old City is home to several sites of key religious importance. The Temple Mount and Western Wall for Jews the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. It was added to the Unesco World Heritage Site List in 1981.Traditionally the Old City has been divided into four uneven quarters although the current designations were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is roughly divided into the Muslim Quarter the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. Following the 1948 Arab Israeli War the Old City was captured by Jordan and Jewish residents were evicted. During the Six Day War in 1967 which saw hand-to-hand fighting on the Temple Mount, Israel captured the Old City along with the rest of East Jerusalem. subsequently annexing them as Israeli territory and reuniting them with the western part of the city. Today Israel controls the entire area which it considers part of its national capital. In 2010, Jerusalem's oldest fragment of writing was found outside the Old City's walls. The Jerusalem Law of 1980 effectively annexing East Jerusalem to Israel, was declared null and void by Un Security Council Resolution 478 and East Jerusalem is regarded by the international community as part of occupied Palestinian territory. The city of Jerusalem has been surrounded by walls for its defense since ancient times. In the middle Bronze Age a period also known as the Patriarchs period a city named Jebos was built in the location of today's Jerusalem, which was relatively small 50,000 square meters) but was fortified. Remains of this wall are located above the Hezekiah's Tunnel.According to Jewish tradition, as expressed in the Tanakh Jerusalem remained a Jebusite city until the rise of David who conquered the city and established the City of David on the site of the Jebusite City. Later on King David extended the walls, which were located on a low hill, outside of the walls of today's Old City area. Solomon, David's son, built the first temple in the city and also extended the city walls in order to protect the temple. During the First Temple period the city walls extended towards the northwest part of the city, the area where today the Jewish quarter of the City ist located.

In 516 BCE or 430 BCE

After the Babylonian captivity and the Achaemenid EmpirecPersian conquest of Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Judea and rebuild the Temple. The construction was finished in 516 BCE or 430 BCE. Then, Artaxerxes I or possibly Darius II sent Ezra and Nehemiah to rebuild the city's walls and to govern Judea, which was ruled as Yehud province under the Persians. During the Second Temple period, especially during the Hasmonean period, the city walls were expanded and renovated. Herod the Great expanded the walls to include the West Hill. Agrippa I later began the construction of a third wall. The wall were completed just before the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War. Some remains of this wall are located today near the Mandelbaum Gate gas station After the Fall of Jerusalem, the walls were destroyed and were later partially restored during the Aelia Capitolina period and afterward extensively renewed by the Empress Aelia Eudocia. In 1033, most of the walls constructed by Empress Eudocia were destroyed by an earthquake. During the Crusader conquest in 1099 the walls were rebuilt but destroyed again during the conquest of Saladin. Saladin's nephew Al Malik al-Mu'azzam 'Isa, ordered the reconstruction of the city walls, but later on, in 1219 he changed his mind after most of the watchtowers were built and had the walls torn down, mainly because he feared that the Crusaders would benefit of the fortifications if they managed to reconquer the city. For the next three centuries the city remained without protective walls the Temple Mount Haram ash Sharif being the only well fortified area during this period. In 16th century, during the reign of the Ottoman empire in the region the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent decided to fully rebuild the city walls on the remains of the ancient walls. The construction lasted from 1535-1538 and thes are the walls that exist today.

Al-Aqsa Mosque

Al-Aqsa Mosque al-Masjid al-Aqṣā, IPA the Farthest Mosque also known as Al-Aqsa and Bayt al Muqaddas, is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem. The site on which the silver domed mosque sits, along with the Dome of the Rock also referred to as al-Haram ash-Sharif or Noble Sanctuary is the Temple Mount the holiest site in Judaism the place where the Temple is generally accepted to have stood. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey Isamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba. The mosque was originally a small prayer house built by the Rashidun caliph Umar but was rebuilt and expanded by the Umayyad caliph Abd Al Malik and finished by his son Al Walid in 705 CE. After an earthquake in 746 the mosque was completely destroyed and rebuilt by the Abbasid caliph Al Mansur in 754 and again rebuilt by his successor Al Mahdi in 780. Another earthquake destroyed most of al-Aqsa in 1033 but two years later the Fatimind caliph Ali az Zahir built another mosque which has stood to the present-day. During the periodic renovations undertaken the various ruling dynasties of the Islamic Caliphate constructed additions to the mosque and its precincts, such as its dome facade its mindar minarets and the interior structure. When the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 they used the mosque as a palace and church, but its function as a mosque was restored after its recapture by Saladin in 1187 More renovations repairs and additions were undertaken in the later centuries by the Ayyubids Mamluks Ottomans the Supreme Muslim Counil and Jordan. Today the Old City is under Isereli control but the mosque remains under the administration of the Jordanian Palestinian led Islamic waqf. The Dome of the Rock is a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Oly City of Jerusalem. The domed central plan structure was patterned after the Christian church of the Holy Sepulchre.. It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd AlMalik during the Second Fitna becoming one of the oldest works of Islamic arehitectue. The site's significance stems from religious traditions regarding the rock, known as the Foundatin Stone at its heart, which bears great significance for Jews Christians and Muslims. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty Al Umawiyyun or Banu Umayya Sons of Umayya hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan r. 644–656 but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan long-time governor of Syria after the end of the Frist Muslim Civil war in 661 CE-41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests incorporating the Caucasus Transoxiana Sindh. The Maghre and the Iberian Peninula into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.79 million square miles 15,000,000 km2 making it the largest empire the world had yet seen, and the Fifth largest ever or exist. At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. While the non-Muslim population had autonomy, their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees. They paid a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that each religious minority should be allowed to practice its own religion and govern itself, and the policy had on the whole continued. The welfare state for both the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor started by Omar had also continued. Muawiya's wife Maysum Yazid's mother was also a Christian. The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were good. The Umayyads were involved in frequent battles with the Christian Byzantines without being concerned with protecting their rear in Syria which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious tolerance that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, especially in Syria. This policy also boosted his popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740-743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744–747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus.

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